Childhood dementia
Childhood dementia results from progressive brain damage and is caused by over 100 rare genetic disorders (Elvidge et al. 2023). Collectively, childhood dementia has an estimated incidence rate of 34.5 per 100,000 births (1 in 2,900 births) and an expected prevalence rate of 5.3 per 100,000 persons in high and upper-middle income countries (Elvidge et al. 2023).
For more information, visit the Childhood Dementia Initiative.
In the September 2024 Dementia in Australia update, childhood dementia deaths have been reported for the first time. In consultation with an expert from the Childhood Dementia Initiative, mortality statistics of available childhood dementia specific ICD-10 codes were extracted from the National Mortality Database.
Childhood dementia data considerations
It is important to note that these data do not capture all deaths with childhood dementia, for the following reasons:
- some childhood dementia conditions do not have a specific ICD-10 code
- some childhood dementia conditions are grouped under an ICD-10 code with other conditions that do not cause childhood dementia
- under-reporting of childhood dementia conditions on death certificates.
Therefore, the findings will be an underestimate of the true mortality counts.
Some childhood dementia conditions are grouped with multiple diseases that are not specific to younger people so analysis for those certain codes was restricted to records where people were aged less than 30 when they died (see below). For codes that only included childhood dementia diseases, there was no age limitation on the analysis.
No age limit (age at death):
- E75.4: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscionosis (incl. Batten disease)
- Q87.83: Zellweger syndrome
- E72.5: Disorders of glycine metabolism (incl. Nonketotic hyperglycinemia)
- E75.1: GM1 gangliosidosis
- E75.0: GM2 gangliosidosis
- G11.3: Cerebellar ataxia with defective DNA repair, Ataxia telangiectasia [Louis-Bar]
- E76.0: Hurler syndrome
- E76.1: Hunter syndrome
- E77.0: Mucolipidosis type II
- F84.2: Rett syndrome
- E77.1: Defects in glycoprotein degradation
- G23.0: Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN)
- E75.5: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
Age limit 0-29 years old (age at death):
- G10: Juvenile Huntington’s disease
- G20: Juvenile Parkinson's
- E75.2: Other sphingolipidosis disorders (incl. Niemann-Pick disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy)
- G31.8: Other specified degenerative diseases of the nervous system (incl. Leigh’s disease)
- E83.0: Disorders of copper metabolism (Menkes disease)
Table 13.14 shows the number of deaths with a childhood dementia ICD-10 code recorded on the death certificate between 2013 and 2022.
The condition with the largest number of deaths over 10 years was Rett syndrome, followed by Other sphingolipidosis disorders, including Niemann-Pick disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy (restricted to records where people were aged less than 30 when they died).
ICD-10 Code | Childhood dementia disease name | Number of deaths between 2013–2022 |
---|---|---|
F84.2 | Rett syndrome | 75 |
E75.2 | Other sphingolipidosis, including Niemann-Pick | 74 |
G31.8 | Other specified degenerative diseases of nervous system (Including Leigh's) | 40 |
E75.4 | Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease) | 33 |
E75.0 | GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease/ Tay Sachs disease & AB) | 22 |
G23.0 | Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) | 18 |
G11.3 | Cerebellar ataxia with defective DNA repair | 17 |
G10 | Juvenile Huntington's disease | 15 |
E77.1 | Defects in glycoprotein degradation | 11 |
E83.0 | Menkes disease | 10 |
E72.5 | Glycine encephalopathy | 10 |
E76.1 | MPS II (Hunter syndrome) | 10 |
E75.1 | GM1 Gangliosidosis (type 1 and 2)/Mucolipidosis type IV | 10 |
E74.4 | Disorders of pyruvate metabolism and gluconeogenesis | 8 |
E77.0 | Defects in post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes | 7 |
E75.5 | Cerebrotendinous cholesterosis | 6 |
E76.0 | MPS I (Hurler Syndrome) | 6 |
SeeTable S13.14 for notes.
Source: AIHW analysis of the National Mortality Database
In the December 2023 quarter, just over 1,100 people living with Rett syndrome were approved for a National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) plan. This number remained stable in all quarters of 2023. Around 98% of people approved for a NDIS plan living with Rett syndrome were female, and 35% were aged <20 years old. In the same quarter, 80 people living with Juvenile Huntington’s disease (aged 20 or younger) were approved for an NDIS plan, of which approximately 58% were male. Similarly, the number of people approved remained stable in each quarter.
Elvidge K, Christodoulou J, Farrar M, Tilden D, Maack M, Valeri M, Ellis M, Smith N, the Childhood Dementia Working Group (2023) ‘The collective burden of childhood dementia: a scoping review’, Brain, 146(11):4446-4455, doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad242